Code refactoring is the process of restructuring existing code without changing its external behavior to improve its internal structure and readability. The goal is to make code more maintainable, reduce technical debt, and improve developer productivity. Common refactoring techniques include extracting methods, renaming variables, removing code duplication, simplifying conditional logic, and improving class structures. Refactoring should be done incrementally with comprehensive test coverage to ensure no functionality is broken. Modern IDEs provide automated refactoring tools to make the process safer and more efficient.
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